Everything about The Glenohumeral Joint totally explained
The
glenohumeral joint, commonly known as the
shoulder joint, is a
synovial ball and socket joint and involves articulation between the
glenoid fossa of the
scapula (shoulder blade) and the
head of the humerus (upper arm bone).
Movements
The glenoid fossa is shallow and contains the
glenoid labrum which deepens it and aids in stability. With 120 degrees of unassisted flexion, the glenohumeral joint is the most mobile joint in the body.
Scapulohumeral rhythm helps to achieve further range of movement.
The
rotator cuff muscles of the shoulder produce a high
tensile force, and help to pull the head of the humerus into the glenoid fossa.
Capsule
The glenohumeral joint has a loose
capsule that's lax inferiorly and therefore is at risk of
dislocation inferiorly. The long head of the
biceps brachii muscle travels inside the capsule to attach to the
supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula.
Because the tendon is inside the capsule, it requires a synovial tendon sheath to minimize friction.
A number of
bursae in the capsule aid mobility. Namely, they're the subdeltoid bursa (between the joint capsule and deltoid muscle), subcoracoid bursa (between joint capsule and coracoid process of
scapula), coracobrachial bursa (between subscapularis muscle and tendon of coracobrachialis muscle), subacromial bursa (between joint capsule and acromion of scapula) and the subscapular bursa (between joint capsule and tendon of
subscapularis muscle, also known as subtendinous bursa of subscapularis muscle). The bursa are formed by the synovial membrane of the joint capsule. An inferior pouching of the joint capsule between
teres minor and
subscapularis is known as the axillary recess.
It is important to note that the shoulder joint is a muscle dependent joint as it lacks strong ligaments.
Ligaments
Pathology
The capsule can become inflamed and stiff, with abnormal bands of tissue (
adhesions) growing between the joint surfaces, causing pain and restricting movement of the shoulder, a condition known as
frozen shoulder or adhesive capsulitis.
Further Information
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